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Guidance on High Availability

ESS makes use of Kubernetes for deployment so most guidiance on high-availability is tied directly with general Kubernetes guidance on high availability.

Kubernetes

High-Level Overview

It is strongly advised to make use of the Kubernetes documentation to ensure your environment is setup for high availability, see links above. At a high-level, Kubernetes achieves high availability through:

  • Cluster Architecture.

    • Multiple Masters: In a highly available Kubernetes cluster, multiple master nodes (control plane nodes) are deployed. These nodes run the critical components such as etcd, the API server, scheduler, and controller-manager. By using multiple master nodes, the cluster can continue to operate even if one or more master nodes fail.

    • Etcd Clustering: etcd is the key-value store used by Kubernetes to store all cluster data. It can be configured as a cluster with multiple nodes to provide data redundancy and consistency. This ensures that if one etcd instance fails, the data remains available from other instances.

  • Pod and Node Management.

    • Replication Controllers and ReplicaSets: Kubernetes uses replication controllers and ReplicaSets to ensure that a specified number of pod replicas are running at any given time. If a pod fails, the ReplicaSet automatically replaces it, ensuring continuous availability of the application.

    • Deployments: Deployments provide declarative updates to applications, allowing rolling updates and rollbacks. This ensures that application updates do not cause downtime and can be rolled back if issues occur.

    • DaemonSets: DaemonSets ensure that a copy of a pod runs on all (or a subset of) nodes. This is useful for deploying critical system services across the entire cluster.

  • Service Discovery and Load Balancing.

    • Services: Kubernetes Services provide a stable IP and DNS name for accessing a set of pods. Services use built-in load balancing to distribute traffic among the pods, ensuring that traffic is not sent to failed pods.

    • Ingress Controllers: Ingress controllers manage external access to the services in a cluster, typically HTTP. They provide load balancing, SSL termination, and name-based virtual hosting, enhancing the availability and reliability of web applications.

  • Node Health Management.

    • Node Monitoring and Self-Healing: Kubernetes continuously monitors the health of nodes and pods. If a node fails, Kubernetes can automatically reschedule the pods from the failed node onto healthy nodes. This self-healing capability ensures minimal disruption to the running applications.

    • Pod Disruption Budgets (PDBs): PDBs allow administrators to define the minimum number of pods that must be available during disruptions (such as during maintenance or upgrades), ensuring application availability even during planned outages.

  • Persistent Storage.

    • Persistent Volumes and Claims: Kubernetes provides abstractions for managing persistent storage. Persistent Volumes (PVs) and Persistent Volume Claims (PVCs) decouple storage from the pod lifecycle, ensuring that data is preserved even if pods are rescheduled or nodes fail.

    • Storage Classes and Dynamic Provisioning: Storage classes allow administrators to define different storage types (e.g., SSDs, network-attached storage) and enable dynamic provisioning of storage resources, ensuring that applications always have access to the required storage.

  • Geographical Distribution.

    • Multi-Zone and Multi-Region Deployments: Kubernetes supports deploying clusters across multiple availability zones and regions. This geographical distribution helps in maintaining high availability even in the event of data center or regional failures.

  • Network Policies and Security.

    • Network Policies: These policies allow administrators to control the communication between pods, enhancing security and ensuring that only authorized traffic reaches critical applications.

    • RBAC (Role-Based Access Control): RBAC restricts access to cluster resources based on roles and permissions, reducing the risk of accidental or malicious disruptions to the cluster's operations.

  • Automated Upgrades and Rollbacks.

    • Cluster Upgrade Tools: Tools like kubeadm and managed Kubernetes services (e.g., Google Kubernetes Engine, Amazon EKS, Azure AKS) provide automated upgrade capabilities, ensuring that clusters can be kept up-to-date with minimal downtime.

    • Automated Rollbacks: In the event of a failed update, Kubernetes can automatically roll back to a previous stable state, ensuring that applications remain available.

How does this tie into ESS

As ESS is deployed into a Kubernetes cluster, if you are looking for high availability you should ensure your environment is configured with that in mind. One important factor is to ensure you deploy using the Kubernetes deployment option, whilst Standalone mode will deploy to a Kubernetes cluster, by definition it exists solely on a single node so options for high availability will be limited.

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